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Given that the indispensable amino acid profile of fish meal reflects that of the ideal protein pattern for fish or shrimp, fish meal is a major protein source in aquaculture. Protein digestibility of good quality fish meal is very high with equally high amino acid availability ( Anderson et al., 1995). Fish meal is also a source of essential fatty acids, minerals and trace elements. Data Bridge Market Research analyses that the fish powder market was growing at a value of USD 6.6 billion in 2021 and is expected to reach the value of USD 10.92 billion by 2029, at a CAGR of 6.5% during the forecast period of 2022-2029. In addition to the market insights such as market value, growth rate, market segments, geographical coverage, market players, and market scenario, the market report curated by the Data Bridge Market Research team includes in-depth expert analysis, import/export analysis, pricing analysis, production consumption analysis, patent analysis and consumer behaviour. Proximate composition and consumer acceptability of three underutilised fish species and tuna frames. World Rural Observations 4:65–70. [ Google Scholar]
Anchovies and sardines are the preferable fish to extract fish oil as both are very oily fish and loaded with beneficial fatty acids (EPA/DHA). Fish meal production is a significant contributor of over-fishing, and risks pushing fisheries beyond their replacement rate. Some areas of the world, such as Western Africa, have seen a large increase in fish meal production which in turn is hurting local fisheries and driving fisheries into collapse. [7] [8] Processing [ edit ] Fish meal factory, Bressay, Shetland Islands Fish meal factory, Westfield, West Lothian Market Forecast, Company Share Analysis, Competition Intelligence, DROT Analysis, Market Dynamics and Challenges, and Strategic Growth InitiativesWater holding capacity and oil holding capacity for Tilapia fish powder was 108.80% and 131.20%, whereas for Silver Carp fish powder it was 111.10% and 156.80%, respectively. As fish powder consists mostly of protein and due to the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the protein, the powder can be bound with oil as well as water. These two properties play a vital role in food processing since these directly influence the interaction with the product. Both samples can bind to the oil much more than water due to the availability of nonpolar amino acids and protein surfaces [ 39]. The study also found that the sample is likely to be bound with fat more than water [ 18]. Some studies found a higher amount of absorbance with both oil and water, but the water holding capacity can be affected by the process of preparation as the properties of a protein can be affected by those processes [ 9]. The highest amount of foaming capacity found in Tilapia fish powder was 7.43% and for the Silver Carp, it was 6.28%. The foaming capacity is used to represent as whipping characteristics of any powder sample [ 40]. In different studies, a wide range of foaming capacity was observed from 20% to 160% for different treatment methods and different chemicals [ 9, 41]. Low foaming capability may be brought on by insufficient electrostatic repulsions, lower solubility, and thus, an excessive amount of protein-protein interactions [ 21]. A decrease in foaming stability may be caused by protein denaturation, whereas a greater result for foaming stability implies highly hydrated foams. Consequently, the findings of the current inquiry are consistent with those of the earlier ones. Of the two samples, Silver Carp has the highest amount of emulsifying activity (13.04%), whereas Tilapia has slightly reduced activity (10.63%). Multiple studies have indicated that fish powder can act as a binder or emulsifier by interacting with other proteins to form gels because the sample contains a lot of protein [ 42, 42]. Furthermore, emulsifying activity can be altered for various processing techniques and the chemicals employed for those techniques [ 43]. Aquaculture • Animal Feed • Poultry • Sports Nutrition & Dietary Supplements • Cosmetics & Personal Care • Pharmaceuticals • Fertilizers
Fish meal is also susceptible to chemical contamination with harmful substances (chlorinated hydrocarbons: dieldrin, lindane, PCBs, dioxins) ( Erne et al., 1979), due to the accumulation of those anthropogenic substances in the marine food chain and finally in the fatty tissues of fish used for the manufacture of fish meal. The levels of such contaminants (PCBs, dioxins) in fish meal depend on the fish source: fish meals from Central America have lower levels than those from the Northern hemisphere ( New et al., 2002). Unmodified fish meal can spontaneously combust from heat generated by oxidation of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the meal. In the past, factory ships have sunk because of such fires. That danger has been eliminated by adding antioxidants to the meal. [1]Tuna trimmings contained 80.71g/100g protein; burrito 70.40g/100g protein, values high enough to quality them as good sources of protein. All fish byproducts contained high and almost equal levels of iron, for example, trimmings contained 16.58mg/100g; tuna frames and gills 16.82mg/100g and 19.54mg/100g, respectively. Burrito also contained 8.92mg/100g iron. Kabahenda etal. ( 2011) also assessed micronutrient and protein levels in low value fish and processing byproducts in fish from Lake Victoria region and found crude protein in the range of 47.9–58.8% in mukene, a low value fish. Mukene also contained 8.18–10.91mg/100g iron and 4.07–10.25mg/100g zinc on dry basis, suggesting that consuming low value fishes could improve protein and micronutrient levels of low socioeconomic class. An earlier work done by Glover‐Amengor etal. ( 2012), found protein levels ranging from 44.83% to 72.29% in some dried underutilized fish species. Always use the same spoon to remove the egg washed fish from the bowl with the egg and drop it into the bowl with the dry ingredients without touching the flour (this spoon remains your “wet spoon” and you want to keep it away from the dry ingredients, otherwise things get messy).
